[Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide and encompasses highly variable clinical and biological scenarios. Some of the current clinical challenges are (i) early diagnosis of the disease and (ii) precision medicine, which allows for treatments targeted to specific clinical cases. The ultimate goal is to optimize the clinical workflow by combining accurate diagnosis with the most suitable therapies. Toward this, large-scale machine learning research can define associations among clinical, imaging, and multi-omics studies, making it possible to provide reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for precision oncology. Such reliable computer-assisted methods (i.e., artificial intelligence) together with clinicians’ unique knowledge can be used to properly handle typical issues in evaluation/quantification procedures (i.e., operator dependence and time-consuming tasks). These technical advances can significantly improve result repeatability in disease diagnosis and guide toward appropriate cancer care. Indeed, the need to apply machine learning and computational intelligence techniques has steadily increased to effectively perform image processing operations—such as segmentation, co-registration, classification, and dimensionality reduction—and multi-omics data integration.]

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This book captures advancements in the applications of computational intelligence (artificial intelligence, machine learning, etc.) to problems in the mineral and mining industries. The papers present the state of the art in four broad categories: mine operations, mine planning, mine safety, and advances in the sciences, primarily in image processing applications. Authors in the book include both researchers and industry practitioners.

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This book aims to provide a new vision of how algorithms are the core of decision support systems (DSSs), which are increasingly important information systems that help to make decisions related to unstructured and semi-unstructured decision problems that do not have a simple solution from a human point of view. It begins with a discussion of how DSSs will be vital to improving the health of the population. The following article deals with how DSSs can be applied to improve the performance of people doing a specific task, like playing tennis. It continues with a work in which authors apply DSSs to insect pest management, together with an interactive platform for fitting data and carrying out spatial visualization. The next article improves how to reschedule trains whenever disturbances occur, together with an evaluation framework. The final works focus on different relevant areas of DSSs: 1) a comparison of ensemble and dimensionality reduction models based on an entropy criterion; 2) a radar emitter identification method based on semi-supervised and transfer learning; 3) design limitations, errors, and hazards in creating very large-scale DSSs; and 4) efficient rule generation for associative classification. We hope you enjoy all the contents in the book.

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Biosensors are analytical devices used for the detection of a chemical substance, or analyte, which combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Detection and quantification are based on the measurement of the biological interactions. The biological element of a biosensor may consist of tissues, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies and nucleic acids. These devices have been shown to have a wide range of applications in a vast array of fields of research, including environmental monitoring, food analysis, drug detection and health and clinical assessment, and even security and safety. The current Special Issue, “Biosensors: 10th Anniversary Feature Papers”, addresses the existing knowledge gaps and aids the advancement of biosensing applications, in the form of six peer-reviewed research and review papers, detailing the most recent and innovative developments of biosensors.

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Data science, information theory, probability theory, statistical learning and other related disciplines greatly benefit from non-negative measures of dissimilarity between pairs of probability measures. These are known as divergence measures, and exploring their mathematical foundations and diverse applications is of significant interest. The present Special Issue, entitled “Divergence Measures: Mathematical Foundations and Applications in Information-Theoretic and Statistical Problems”, includes eight original contributions, and it is focused on the study of the mathematical properties and applications of classical and generalized divergence measures from an information-theoretic perspective. It mainly deals with two key generalizations of the relative entropy: namely, the R_ényi divergence and the important class of f -divergences. It is our hope that the readers will find interest in this Special Issue, which will stimulate further research in the study of the mathematical foundations and applications of divergence measures.

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This reprint presents various aspects of the future grid, which is the next generation of the electrical grid and will enable the smart integration of conventional, renewable, and distributed power generation, energy storage, transmission and distribution, and demand management. Renewable energy is crucial in transitioning to a less carbon-intensive economy and a more sustainable energy system. The high penetration and uncertain power outputs of renewable energy pose great challenges to the stable operation of energy systems. The deployment of the smart grid is revolutionary, and also imperative around the world. It involves and deals with multidisciplinary fields such as energy sources, control systems, communications, computational generation, transmission, distribution, customer operations, markets, and service providers. Smart grids are emerging in both developed and developing countries, with the aim of achieving a reliable and secure electricity supply. Smart grids will eventually require standards, policy, and a regulatory framework for successful implementation. This reprint addresses the emerging and advanced green energy technologies for a sustainable and resilient future grid, and provides a platform to enhance interdisciplinary research and share the most recent ideas.

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Intelligent optimization is based on the mechanism of computational intelligence to refine a suitable feature model, design an effective optimization algorithm, and then to obtain an optimal or satisfactory solution to a complex problem. Intelligent algorithms are key tools to ensure global optimization quality, fast optimization efficiency and robust optimization performance. Intelligent optimization algorithms have been studied by many researchers, leading to improvements in the performance of algorithms such as the evolutionary algorithm, whale optimization algorithm, differential evolution algorithm, and particle swarm optimization. Studies in this arena have also resulted in breakthroughs in solving complex problems including the green shop scheduling problem, the severe nonlinear problem in one-dimensional geodesic electromagnetic inversion, error and bug finding problem in software, the 0-1 backpack problem, traveler problem, and logistics distribution center siting problem. The editors are confident that this book can open a new avenue for further improvement and discoveries in the area of intelligent algorithms. The book is a valuable resource for researchers interested in understanding the principles and design of intelligent algorithms.

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By the year 2030, it is expected that young people will use e-health services more, and emergent technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, the Web, IoT Technologies, and mobile devices, as well as governmental policies, will play a crucial role in successfully delivering relevant data to health professionals, thereby allowing them to obtain information and advice that benefit health consumers. This Special Issue collects and consolidates innovative and high-quality research contributions regarding Information Technologies Applied on Healthcare to different disciplines and its challenges such as the following: the systematization and standardization of healthcare information systems, the detection of diseases at early stages, open healthcare data, integrated health services, cybersecurity and data protection in healthcare, interoperability data health, information technologies in healthcare, human–computer interaction (HCI) in healthcare, intelligent medical devices and smart technologies, artificial intelligent techniques applied to healthcare, digital healthcare, telehealth (telemonitoring for diseases, remote consultation, and remote education and support), prognosis, diagnosis and treatment in healthcare, big data analytics for healthcare, computer games for healthcare, m-Health, smart technologies for healthcare, predictive modeling and analytics for healthcare, computer vision in healthcare, and healthcare decision support systems.

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With the recent advances in remote sensing technologies for Earth observation, many different remote sensors are collecting data with distinctive properties. The obtained data are so large and complex that analyzing them manually becomes impractical or even impossible. Therefore, understanding remote sensing images effectively, in connection with physics, has been the primary concern of the remote sensing research community in recent years. For this purpose, machine learning is thought to be a promising technique because it can make the system learn to improve itself. With this distinctive characteristic, the algorithms will be more adaptive, automatic, and intelligent. This book introduces some of the most challenging issues of machine learning in the field of remote sensing, and the latest advanced technologies developed for different applications. It integrates with multi-source/multi-temporal/multi-scale data, and mainly focuses on learning to understand remote sensing images. Particularly, it presents many more effective techniques based on the popular concepts of deep learning and big data to reach new heights of data understanding. Through reporting recent advances in the machine learning approaches towards analyzing and understanding remote sensing images, this book can help readers become more familiar with knowledge frontier and foster an increased interest in this field.

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With the recent advances in remote sensing technologies for Earth observation, many different remote sensors are collecting data with distinctive properties. The obtained data are so large and complex that analyzing them manually becomes impractical or even impossible. Therefore, understanding remote sensing images effectively, in connection with physics, has been the primary concern of the remote sensing research community in recent years. For this purpose, machine learning is thought to be a promising technique because it can make the system learn to improve itself. With this distinctive characteristic, the algorithms will be more adaptive, automatic, and intelligent. This book introduces some of the most challenging issues of machine learning in the field of remote sensing, and the latest advanced technologies developed for different applications. It integrates with multi-source/multi-temporal/multi-scale data, and mainly focuses on learning to understand remote sensing images. Particularly, it presents many more effective techniques based on the popular concepts of deep learning and big data to reach new heights of data understanding. Through reporting recent advances in the machine learning approaches towards analyzing and understanding remote sensing images, this book can help readers become more familiar with knowledge frontier and foster an increased interest in this field.

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This open access book introduces and explains machine learning (ML) algorithms and techniques developed for statistical inferences on a complex process or system and their applications to simulations of chemically reacting turbulent flows. These two fields, ML and turbulent combustion, have large body of work and knowledge on their own, and this book brings them together and explain the complexities and challenges involved in applying ML techniques to simulate and study reacting flows. This is important as to the world’s total primary energy supply (TPES), since more than 90% of this supply is through combustion technologies and the non-negligible effects of combustion on environment. Although alternative technologies based on renewable energies are coming up, their shares for the TPES is are less than 5% currently and one needs a complete paradigm shift to replace combustion sources. Whether this is practical or not is entirely a different question, and an answer to this question depends on the respondent. However, a pragmatic analysis suggests that the combustion share to TPES is likely to be more than 70% even by 2070. Hence, it will be prudent to take advantage of ML techniques to improve combustion sciences and technologies so that efficient and “greener” combustion systems that are friendlier to the environment can be designed. The book covers the current state of the art in these two topics and outlines the challenges involved, merits and drawbacks of using ML for turbulent combustion simulations including avenues which can be explored to overcome the challenges. The required mathematical equations and backgrounds are discussed with ample references for readers to find further detail if they wish. This book is unique since there is not any book with similar coverage of topics, ranging from big data analysis and machine learning algorithm to their applications for combustion science and system design for energy generation.

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This Open Access book reviews recent theoretical and numerical developments in nonlinear model order reduction in continuum mechanics, being addressed to Master and PhD students, as well as to researchers, lecturers and instructors. The aim of the authors is to provide tools for a better understanding and implement reduced order models by using: physics-based models, synthetic data forecast by these models, experimental data and deep learning algorithms. The book involves a survey of key methods of model order reduction applied to model-based engineering and digital twining, by learning linear or nonlinear latent spaces. Projection-based reduced order models are the projection of mechanical equations on a latent space that have been learnt from both synthetic data and experimental data. Various descriptions and representations of structured data for model reduction are presented in the applications and survey chapters. Image-based digital twins are developed in a reduced setting. Reduced order models of as-manufactured components predict the mechanical effects of shape variations. A similar workflow is extended to multiphysics or coupled problems, with high dimensional input fields. Practical techniques are proposed for data augmentation and also for hyper-reduction, which is a key point to speed up projection-based model order reduction of finite element models. The book gives access to python libraries available on gitlab.com, which have been developed as part of the research program [FUI-25] MORDICUS funded by the French government. Similarly to deep learning for computer vision, deep learning for model order reduction circumvents the need to design parametric problems prior reducing models. Such an approach is highly relevant for image-base modelling or multiphysics modelling.

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When adopting remote sensing techniques in precision agriculture, there are two main areas to consider: data acquisition and data analysis methodologies. Imagery and remote sensor data collected using different platforms provide a variety of information volumes and formats. For example, recent research in precision agriculture has used multispectral images from different platforms, such as satellites, airborne, and, most recently, drones. These images have been used for various analyses, from the detection of pests and diseases, growth, and water status of crops to yield estimations. However, accurately detecting specific biotic or abiotic stresses requires a narrow range of spectral information to be analyzed for each application. In data analysis, the volume and complexity of data formats obtained using the latest technologies in remote sensing (e.g., a cube of data for hyperspectral imagery) demands complex data processing systems and data analysis using multiple inputs to estimate specific categorical or numerical targets. New and emerging methodologies within artificial intelligence, such as machine learning and deep learning, have enabled us to deal with these increasing data volumes and the analysis complexity.

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Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy industry, representing a paradigm shift from centralized structures toward more localized, autonomous, dynamic, and bi-directional energy networks, especially in cities and communities. The ability to isolate from the larger grid makes microgrids resilient, while their capability of forming scalable energy clusters permits the delivery of services that make the grid more sustainable and competitive. Through an optimal design and management process, microgrids could also provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy and help to improve the operation and stability of regional energy systems. This book covers these promising and dynamic areas of research and development and gathers contributions on different aspects of microgrids in an aim to impart higher degrees of sustainability and resilience to energy systems.

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The success of mining innovative development, as a part of the global transition to sustainable development, is determined by interdisciplinary research that combines innovations in the extraction of traditional fossil fuels, the production of energy from alternative sources, both in geophysics and geochemistry, and information technology. Therefore, the papers collated here contribute to the transition of mining to the circle of sectoral leaders in innovative development.

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In recent decades, remote sensing technology has been incorporated in numerous mineral exploration projects in metallogenic provinces around the world. Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors play a significant role in affording unique data for mineral exploration and environmental hazard monitoring. This book covers the advances of remote sensing data processing algorithms in mineral exploration, and the technology can be used in monitoring and decision-making in relation to environmental mining hazard. This book presents state-of-the-art approaches on recent remote sensing and GIS-based mineral prospectivity modeling, offering excellent information to professional earth scientists, researchers, mineral exploration communities and mining companies.

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In the last few years, the leading semiconductor industries have introduced multi-gate non-planar transistors into their core business. These are being applied in memories and in logical integrated circuits to achieve better integration on the chip, increased performance, and reduced energy consumption. Intense research is underway to develop these devices further and to address their limitations, in order to continue transistor scaling while further improving performance. This Special Issue looks at recent developments in the field of nanowire field-effect transistors (NW-FETs), covering different aspects of the technology, physics, and modelling of these nanoscale devices.

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It covers aspects of unsupervised machine learning used for knowledge discovery in data science and introduces a data-driven approach to cluster analysis, the Databionic swarm(DBS). DBS consists of the 3D landscape visualization and clustering of data. The 3D landscape enables 3D printing of high-dimensional data structures.The clustering and number of clusters or an absence of cluster structure are verified by the 3D landscape at a glance. DBS is the first swarm-based technique that shows emergent properties while exploiting concepts of swarm intelligence, self-organization and the Nash equilibrium concept from game theory. It results in the elimination of a global objective function and the setting of parameters. By downloading the R package DBS can be applied to data drawn from diverse research fields and used even by non-professionals in the field of data mining.

Contents

Approaches to Unsupervised Machine LearningMethods of Visualization of High-Dimensional DataQuality Assessments of VisualizationsBehavior-Based Systems in Data ScienceDatabionic Swarm (DBS)

Target Groups

Lecturers, students as well as non-professional users of data science, statistics, computer science, business mathematics, medicine, biology

The Author

Michael C. Thrun, Dipl.-Phys., successfully defended his Ph.D. in 2017 at the Philipps University of Marburg. Thrun’s advisor was the Chair of Neuroinformatics, Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Alfred G. H. Ultsch.

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It covers aspects of unsupervised machine learning used for knowledge discovery in data science and introduces a data-driven approach to cluster analysis, the Databionic swarm(DBS). DBS consists of the 3D landscape visualization and clustering of data. The 3D landscape enables 3D printing of high-dimensional data structures.The clustering and number of clusters or an absence of cluster structure are verified by the 3D landscape at a glance. DBS is the first swarm-based technique that shows emergent properties while exploiting concepts of swarm intelligence, self-organization and the Nash equilibrium concept from game theory. It results in the elimination of a global objective function and the setting of parameters. By downloading the R package DBS can be applied to data drawn from diverse research fields and used even by non-professionals in the field of data mining.

Contents

Approaches to Unsupervised Machine LearningMethods of Visualization of High-Dimensional DataQuality Assessments of VisualizationsBehavior-Based Systems in Data ScienceDatabionic Swarm (DBS)

Target Groups

Lecturers, students as well as non-professional users of data science, statistics, computer science, business mathematics, medicine, biology

The Author

Michael C. Thrun, Dipl.-Phys., successfully defended his Ph.D. in 2017 at the Philipps University of Marburg. Thrun’s advisor was the Chair of Neuroinformatics, Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Alfred G. H. Ultsch.

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Cluster Analysis; Dimensionality Reduction; Swarm Intelligence; Visualization; Unsupervised Machine Learning; Data Science; Knowledge Discovery; 3D Printing; Self-Organization; Emergence; Game Theory; Advanced Analytics; High-Dimensional Data; Multivariate Data; Analysis of Structured Data

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Spectral Feature Selection for Data Mining introduces a novel feature selection technique that establishes a general platform for studying existing feature selection algorithms and developing new algorithms for emerging problems in real-world applications. This technique represents a unified framework for supervised, unsupervised, and semisupervise

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Emotions play a very important role in how we think and behave. As such, the emotions we feel every day can compel us to act and influence the decisions and plans we make about our lives. Being able to measure, analyze, and better comprehend how or why our emotions may change is thus of much relevance to understand human behavior and its consequences. Despite the great efforts made in the past in the study of human emotions, it is only now, with the advent of wearable, mobile, and ubiquitous technologies, that we can aim to sense and recognize emotions, continuously and in real time. This book brings together the latest experiences, findings, and developments regarding ubiquitous sensing, modeling, and the recognition of human emotions.

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Most real-world search and optimization problems naturally involve multiple criteria as objectives. Generally, symmetry, asymmetry, and anti-symmetry are basic characteristics of binary relationships used when modeling optimization problems. Moreover, the notion of symmetry has appeared in many articles about uncertainty theories that are employed in multi-criteria problems. Different solutions may produce trade-offs (conflicting scenarios) among different objectives. A better solution with respect to one objective may compromise other objectives. There are various factors that need to be considered to address the problems in multidisciplinary research, which is critical for the overall sustainability of human development and activity. In this regard, in recent decades, decision-making theory has been the subject of intense research activities due to its wide applications in different areas. The decision-making theory approach has become an important means to provide real-time solutions to uncertainty problems. Theories such as probability theory, fuzzy set theory, type-2 fuzzy set theory, rough set, and uncertainty theory, available in the existing literature, deal with such uncertainties. Nevertheless, the uncertain multi-criteria characteristics in such problems have not yet been explored in depth, and there is much left to be achieved in this direction. Hence, different mathematical models of real-life multi-criteria optimization problems can be developed in various uncertain frameworks with special emphasis on optimization problems.

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